Conjunction

TYPE	EXAMPLE
Contrast	but, yet, while, whereas, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, even though, though, despite, in spite of, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that, etc.
Cause	because, because of, due to, since, as, because of the fact that, owing to, owing to the fact that, etc.
Addition	and, besides, in addition to, as well as, moreover, furthermore, etc.
Result	so, so … that, such … that, therefore, hence, consequently, that is why, etc.
Purpose	so that, in order that, in the hope that, to + verb1, etc.
Condition	if, unless, even if, only if, if only, provided that, providing that, as long as, so long as, on condition that, etc.
Choice	or, otherwise, or else, etc.
Time	after, before, since, until, when, while, till, as, etc.
Manner	as, as if, as though, etc.

A.      Study these sentences and pay special attention to the word in bold.

1.       He gathered his books and went home.

2.       You can watch TV or you can go out.

3.       Mr. Johnson or you are mistaken.

4.       Mr. Johnson or I am mistaken.

5.       My brother wanted to go to Bali but my sister wanted to go to Jakarta.

6.       He earned a small salary; nevertheless, (however nonetheless / yet), he managed to save some money.

7.       The rent of the house is reasonable; moreover / furthermore, the location is perfect.

8.       I will come tomorrow unless it rains. (I will come tomorrow if it doesn’t rain.)

9.       Hurry up; otherwise, we will be late.

10.    They cancelled the meeting because it rained.

11.    They cancelled the meeting because of the rain.

12.    They cancelled the meeting due to the rain.

13.    They cancelled the meeting owing to the rain.

14.    Since it rained, they cancelled the meeting.

15.    Bob went to school although he was ill.

16.    Bob went to school even though he was ill.

17.    Bob went to school though he was ill.

18.    Bob went to school despite his illness.

19.    Bob went to school in spite of his illness.

20.    Bob went to school despite the fact that he was ill.

21.    Bob went to school in spite of the fact that he was ill.

22.    Their houses collapsed; therefore / consequently, they had to stay in tents.

23.    Their houses collapsed so (so that) they had to stay in tents.

24.    You can borrow my dictionary as (so) long as / provided that / on condition that you return it tomorrow.

25.    We took a taxi in order that we could get there on time.

26.    Wait for me here until I come back.

27.    The employee acts as if / as though he were the manager.

B.      Complete these sentences with suitable conjunction.

1.    He was tired; _______, he did not want to take a rest.

2.    We must leave early; ______, we will never get seats.

3.    Some fishermen didn’t go fishing ____ the bad weather.

4.    We waved our hands _____ she could spot us in the crowd.

5.    She swept the floor ____ nobody bothered to do so.

6.     ___ you see your aunt, please give her this letter.

7.    The boy fell from a tree _____ broke his arms.

8.    We enjoyed the trip ____ the bad condition of the road.

9.    He stood there motionless ___ he were a statue.

10.  The road is slippery, _____, you have to be careful

C.      Rewrite these sentences by replacing because with because of or due to. 

         Make necessary changes.

Example:

They put off the trip because it rained. They put off the trip because of the rain. They put off the trip due to the rain.

1.       The accident occurred because it was foggy.

2.       She punished her son because he behaved badly.

3.       He made a lot of mistakes because he was careless.

4.       Bob failed in his examinations because he was lazy.

5.       We didn’t join the trip because the cost was high.

6.       I bought the house because the location was strategic.

7.       He cancelled his trip because he was injured.

8.       He was not included in the team because he performed badly in the previous game.

D.      Rewrite these sentences by replacing although with despite or in spite of. 

          Make necessary changes.

Example:

They went on playing although it was raining. They went on playing despite the rain. They went on playing in spite of the rain.

1.       He managed to communicate with the local people although his language was poor.

2.       Nobody wanted to buy the haunted house although the price was low.

3.       He quit his job although his salary was high.

4.       People still use the water for washing although it smells bad.

5.       He went to the meeting although he had a headache.

6.       He lost the game although he had prepared himself well.

7.       They went on hiking although it was raining hard.

E.      Combine each pair of sentences, using so … that or such … that.

1.       The man was very hungry. He ate three plates of rice.

2.       He was a clever student. He finished the test in ten minutes.

3.       He is very weak. He needs a walking stick to support his body.

4.       Mr. Green is an honest man. Many people want to do business with him.

5.       The man is very strong. He can pull a giant truck with his teeth.

6.       The shirt was very dirty. It could stand by itself.

7.       I was very busy. I forgot time.

8.       It is an interesting film. I have seen it three times.

9.       It was very cold. We decided to stay home.

10.     It is a good book. Many people want to borrow it.

[Reference:Sesa, Leonardus (2000) English Workbook, Makassar]